Diabetes mellitus is a pathology linked to the group of endocrine diseases.It is associated with a disorder of the glucose assimilation process.The violation is developing due to the absolute or relative insulin insulin - the hormone responsible for its treatment.In a diabetes patient, hyperglycemia is found.
This condition is characterized by a persistent increase in glucose in plasma.The patient has a violation of all types of metabolism: water salt, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals.The disease has a chronic course.Diabetes mellitus belongs to common diseases.It is detected in almost 6% of the world's population.
The causes of diabetes
The reasons for the development of patients in diabetes of the first and second types are different in patients.The first type of disease is detected in young patients under the age of thirty.The violation of insulin production occurs when the pancreas is damaged by the autoimmune genesis.With him, there is a destruction of insulin of ß cells.
In most patients, this pathology occurs after a viral infection.Most often, epidemic mumps, native rubella, viral hepatitis.This pathological condition can also develop after a toxic effect on the body with the following substances: nitrosamines, pesticides, certain drugs.
These substances contribute to a violation of the immune response and the occurrence of autoimmune reactions.The effect of altered immune cells on the Pancreas Langerganes islands causes their death.In this regard, insulin production is reduced.This condition develops when more than 80% of these cells are affected.
In the second type of disease, the insensitivity of all insulin cells occurs.The level of insulin in the plasma is normal or increased, but the cells do not perceive it.There is a majority of these diabetic patients.Glucose tolerance occurs for the following reasons:
- Genetic predisposition.These patients have diabetic parents.If both parents suffer, the probability of predisposition inheritance to him goes to 70%.
- Obesity.With a large amount of adipose tissue in the body, their insulin sensitivity decreases.
- Irrational nutrition.With the predominance of simple carbohydrates and a lack of fiber in food, the risk of diabetes is increased.
- Cardiovascular pathology.Serious forms of these diseases - atherosclerosis, coronary diseases, high blood pressure lead to an increase in tissue insulin resistance.
- Chronic stress.In this state, the level of catecholamines and glucocorticoids increases.This contributes to the development of diabetes.
- Take medication.The group of drugs that increase the risk of diabetes includes: synthetic glucocorticoids, diuretics, part of antihypertensive drugs, cytostatics.
- Chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex.This disease increases the risk of tissue insulin resistance.
Consequently, the penetration of glucose into the cells decreases and its level in the blood increases.
Diabetes symptoms
- insatiable thirst;
- Rapid urination leading to dehydration;
- dry mouth;
- increased fatigue;
- general weakness;
- Minor skin lesions are slowly cured;
- to vomit;
- constant nausea;
- The smell of patient acetone;
- Breathing duties;
- pulsation;
- Shape of the skin;
- rapid weight loss;
- frequent urination;
- Reduce visual acuity.
When these panels appear, you should immediately consult a doctor to test blood sugar.
Types of diabetes
Pathology, depending on the cause, is divided into several types.The following types of disease are distinguished: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, specific forms and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes
Option 1 of the type occurs with a lack of insulin production in the body.It is a hormone that regulates the metabolism of glucose in the tissues.Its lack of this occurs due to damage to beta cells in the pancreas due to the development of autoimmune reactions.
The immune system is damaged and produces antibodies against the body's own tissues.This situation occurs after viral infections, severe stress, the effects of other negative factors.
The disease often occurs in young people and children.The disease has a sudden beginning.Its symptoms are pronounced because cells are quickly found in a famine.A very high level of glucose is detected, it often reaches up to 30 mmol / l in the blood.
A variety of 1 variant of the disease is considered to be Lada diabetes.It is the autoimmun diabetes that occurs in adults, with a characteristic latent course.For him, a typical decrease in insulin in the blood and normal weight.
Type 2 diabetes
With type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion does not suffer.In the blood, there is an excessive level of this hormone.The cells of the body will lose a sensitivity to the action of a substance.In patients, insulin resistance develops.About 90% of all identified people with diabetes are patients with the second type of disease.This version of diabetes often develops in people with obesity after 40 years.
Among concomitant diseases are detected: atherosclerosis, high blood pressure.The disease has a progressive beginning.His symptoms are rare.The level of glucose increases moderately.Antibodies are not detected in pancreatic cells.This situation contributes to the patient's late calls to the doctor when the complications appeared.
Diabetes complications
Acute complications and chronic separate from the disease.Acute complications develop quickly and require emergency hospitalization.These include the following states:
- Hypoglycemia.In this state, the level of glucose is greatly reduced.It occurs with insulin overdose, premature meal, physical tension.The patient is hungry, a feeling of trembling in his hands, stunning, perspiration, aggression.Then consciousness is broken.
- Ketoacidosis.With it, the level of glucose increases.It does not enter the cells and does not accumulate in the blood.The condition is manifested by a decrease in appetite, dry skin, thirst.The smell of acetone comes from the patient.Confusion appears, drowsiness.
- Hyperosmolar coma.It is characterized by an increase in blood sugar with general dehydration.
- Lactatat-acidotic coma.The condition occurs in the elderly in the presence of disorders of the respiratory and cardiovascular system due to the famine of oxygen.
Patients with signs of these pathological conditions need immediate medical care.
In late complications, lesions of the vascular and nervous system are observed.Diabetic angiopathy is a massive defeat of blood vessels.It extends to ships of all calibers.Microangiopathies cause the appearance of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy.Macroangiopathy is striking in the vessels of the heart, brain and arteries of the lower limbs.
Diabetes diagnosis
If this disorder is suspected, the following studies are prescribed:
- blood sugar level;
- Urine analysis for glucose and ketone bodies;
- glycosylated hemoglobin test;
- Peptide C in the blood;
- Stress test (determination of glucose tolerance).
To identify the complications, an ultrasound of the kidneys, the EEG of the brain, the rheicéphalography and the rear vessels of the legs are prescribed.
Diabetes treatment
The execution of the doctor's prescriptions should be observed strictly.Glycemia and drug treatment are carried out with this disease are carried out for life.These measures slow down the pathological process and avoid complications.
The treatment of pathology implies a decrease in blood sugar, as well as the normalization of metabolism and prevent the development of complications.
Diabetic regime
Diet is the basis of treatment.The diet is prescribed, taking into account body weight, age, level of physical activity.The patient learns the principle of calculating the calorie content of the dishes, he must contain the required number of all nutrients.
| What can be eaten | That you can't eat |
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* The table has an incomplete list of products.To compile a correct and complete diet, see a specialist.
The principle of a diet in this disease:
- It is necessary to eliminate products that quickly increase the concentration of blood sugar.It is a high starch, sugar, fructose content.
- Reduce the contents of total calories.The energy value of the dishes is the number of calories spent.
- It is necessary to observe six diet pillars.
With diabetes, it is important to eat food regularly.If the patient adheres to a diet, only this allows you to improve the patient's condition.In a light form of the disease, only the correction of power is bypassed.
It is best to use low -scale foods.They must be rich in protein, vegetable fibers and dietary fiber.
Limit products containing a large amount of animal fats, fast carbohydrates, fructose.Remove all products with a high glycemic index.Alcohol in diabetes is also prohibited.
Insulin therapy
The introduction of insulin is carried out according to the diet recommended by the doctor.At the same time, glucose levels systematically control.Insulines are produced in three types: short, prolonged, intermediate action.
The prolonged medication is administered once a day.Compliance with an individually selected diagram for the use of intermediate and short insulin allows you to obtain compensation for the disease.
Self-control level of blood sugar
The self-control of glucose content in the blood is carried out daily.Modern gluomers allow you to do it anywhere - at home and at work at a timely time.The device helps to establish a balanced diet, develop a physical activity plan, determine insulin and medication time.The measurement reveals hypoglycemia and helps maintain the concentration of glucose in normal.
Saharasses
Sugar Pushy agents in the tablets are prescribed for diabetes of the second type in addition to a diet.These groups are distinguished:
- Sulfonylmochevin derivatives- Stimulate the secretion of pancreatic insulin, facilitate the penetration of glucose into cells;
- Variegated- Reduce the absorption of glucose in the intestinal wall;
- Meglitinides- Reduce sugar levels, stimulate insulin secretion;
- Alfa-glucosidase inhibitors- slows down the growth of sugar levels, inactivating enzymes for the absorption of starch;
- Thiazolidindo- Reduce the amount of sugar released from liver cells, improve the sensitivity of the cells to insulin.
With diabetes, it is important to control health and patient condition to avoid net changes in glucose levels.
Diabetes prevention
Patients with diabetes should be constantly observed with an endocrinologist-het will help organize the right lifestyle, diet and the necessary treatment.It is important to prevent the development of acute and chronic complications.Patients with type I diabetes are recommended to increase body resistance to infections, and patients with type II do not allow obesity development.
Conclusion
Diabetes mellitus is classified as serious illnesses.In the absence of treatment, serious complications are developing that threaten life.If sugar symptoms appear, you should consult a doctor and not the self-managed.